Tutorial | 上級

貼り付けテクニック

After you copy some object(s) by Ctrl+C or cut by Ctrl+X, the regular Paste command (Ctrl+V) pastes the copied object(s) right under the mouse cursor or, if the cursor is outside the window, to the center of the document window. However, the object(s) in the clipboard still remember the original place from which they were copied, and you can paste back there by Paste In Place (Ctrl+Alt+V).

Another command, Paste Style (Shift+Ctrl+V), applies the style of the (first) object on the clipboard to the current selection. The “style” thus pasted includes all the fill, stroke, and font settings, but not the shape, size, or parameters specific to a shape type, such as the number of tips of a star.

Yet another set of paste commands, available from Edit⇒Paste..., scales the selection to match the desired size attribute of the clipboard object(s). There are a number of commands for pasting size and are as follows: Size, Width, Height, Size Separately, Width Separately, and Height Separately.

Edit⇒Paste…⇒Size scales the whole selection to match the overall size of the clipboard object(s). Width/Height scale the whole selection horizontally/vertically so that it matches the width/height of the clipboard object(s). These commands honor the scale ratio lock on the Selector Tool controls bar (between W and H fields), so that when that lock is pressed, the other dimension of the selected object is scaled in the same proportion; otherwise the other dimension is unchanged. The commands containing “Separately” work similarly to the above described commands, except that they scale each selected object separately to make it match the size/width/height of the clipboard object(s).

クリップボードはシステムワイドです。異なる Inkscape インスタンス間や、Inkscape と他のアプリケーションとの間でオブジェクトのコピー/貼り付けが行えます (クリップボードで SVG を扱えるようになっていなければなりません)。

フリーハンド曲線と規則的なパス

The easiest way to create an arbitrary shape is to draw it using the Pencil (freehand) tool (P):

If you want more regular shapes, use the Pen (Bezier) tool (B):

With the Pen tool, each click creates a sharp node without any curve handles, so a series of clicks produces a sequence of straight line segments. click and drag creates a smooth Bezier node with two collinear opposite handles. Press Shift while dragging out a handle to rotate only one handle and fix the other. As usual, Ctrl limits the direction of either the current line segment or the Bezier handles to 15 degree increments. Pressing Enter finalizes the line, Esc cancels it. To cancel only the last segment of an unfinished line, press Backspace.

フリーハンドでもベジエでも、現在選択されているパスは両端に小さなアンカーが表示されます。これらのアンカーから、新しい線を作る代わりにパスの継続 (アンカーの一方から描画する) や、閉じる (一方のアンカーからもう一方に線を描く) こともできます。

パスの編集

Unlike shapes created by shape tools, the Pen and Pencil tools create what is called paths. A path is a sequence of straight line segments and/or Bezier curves which, as any other Inkscape object, may have arbitrary fill and stroke properties. But unlike a shape, a path can be edited by freely dragging any of its nodes (not just predefined handles) or by directly dragging a segment of the path. Select this path and switch to the Node tool (N):

You will see a number of gray square nodes on the path. These nodes can be selected by click, Shift+click, or by dragging a rubberband - exactly like objects are selected by the Selector tool (including the very similar way to use the Alt key to draw around the nodes you want to select). You can also click a path segment to automatically select the adjacent nodes. Selected nodes become highlighted and show their node handles - one or two small circles connected to each selected node by straight lines. The ! key inverts node selection in the current subpath(s) (i.e. subpaths with at least one selected node); Alt+! inverts in the entire path.

Paths are edited by dragging their nodes, node handles, or directly dragging a path segment. (Try to drag some nodes, handles, and path segments of the above path.) Ctrl works as usual to restrict movement and rotation. The arrow keys, Tab, [, ], <, > keys with their modifiers all work just as they do in selector, but apply to nodes instead of objects. You can add nodes anywhere on a path by either double clicking or by Ctrl+Alt+click at the desired location.

You can delete nodes with Del or Ctrl+Alt+click. When deleting nodes, Inkscape will in most cases try to retain the shape of the path. Only on sharp corners, it will instead create a straight line. If you want it to always try to preserve the shape, you can use Ctrl+Del. Additionally, you can duplicate (Shift+D) selected nodes. The path can be broken (Shift+B) at the selected nodes, or if you select two endnodes on one path, you can join them (Shift+J).

A node can be made cusp (Shift+C), which means its two handles can move independently at any angle to each other; smooth (Shift+S), which means its handles are always on the same straight line (collinear); symmetric (Shift+Y), which is the same as smooth, but the handles also have the same length; and auto-smooth (Shift+A), a special node that automatically adjusts the handles of the node and surrounding auto-smooth nodes to maintain a smooth curve. When you switch the type of node, you can preserve the position of one of the two handles by hovering your mouse over it, so that only the other handle is rotated/scaled to match.

Also, you can retract a node's handle altogether by Ctrl+clicking on it. If two adjacent nodes have their handles retracted, the path segment between them is a straight line. To pull out the retracted node, Shift+drag away from the node.

サブパスと結合

パスオブジェクトは 1 つ以上のサブパスを含んでいます。サブパスとは一連のノードが接続されたもののことです (もしパスが 1 つ以上のサブパスを持っている場合は、すべてのノードが連結している訳ではありません)。下の左図では 1 つの複合パスに 3 つのサブパスが属しています。右図は同じサブパスが 3 つの独立したパスオブジェクトになっています:

複合パスはグループとは違うことを覚えておいてください。複合パスは全体として選択できる一つのオブジェクトです。左図のオブジェクトを選択してノードツールに切り替えると、3 つのサブパスが表示されるのが分かるでしょう。右図を選択すると 1 度に 1 つのパスのノード編集しかできません。

Inkscape can Combine paths into a compound path (Ctrl+K) and Break Apart a compound path into separate paths (Ctrl+Shift+K). Parts of a path (i.e. a selection of nodes) can also be copied with Ctrl+C and inserted as a new subpath (into the same path or a different one) with Ctrl+V. Try these commands on the above examples. Since an object can only have one fill and stroke, a new compound path gets the style of the first (lowest in z-order) object being combined.

When you combine or paste overlapping paths with fill, usually the fill will disappear in the areas where the paths overlap:

これは、穴のあるオブジェクトを作る最も簡単な方法です。さらに強力なパスコマンドについては、後述の“ブーリアン演算”をご覧ください。

パスに変換

Any shape or text object can be converted to path (Shift+Ctrl+C). This operation does not change the appearance of the object but removes all capabilities specific to its type (e.g. you can't round the corners of a rectangle or edit the text anymore); instead, you can now edit its nodes. Here are two stars - the left one is kept a shape and the right one is converted to path. Switch to node tool and compare their editability when selected:

Moreover, you can convert to a path (“outline”) the stroke of any object. Below, the first object is the original path (no fill, black stroke), while the second one is the result of the Stroke to Path command (black fill, no stroke):

ブーリアン演算

The commands in the Path menu let you combine two or more objects using boolean operations:

The keyboard shortcuts for these commands allude to the arithmetic analogs of the boolean operations (union is addition, difference is subtraction, etc.). The Difference and Exclusion commands can only apply to two selected objects; others may process any number of objects at once. The result always receives the style of the bottom object.

The result of the Exclusion command looks similar to Combine (see above), but it is different in that Exclusion adds extra nodes where the original paths intersect. The difference between Division and Cut Path is that the former cuts the entire bottom object by the path of the top object, while the latter only cuts the bottom object's stroke and removes any fill (this is convenient for cutting fill-less strokes into pieces).

For some common use cases, the Path menu also contains a few commands that combine multiple basic Boolean operations into one, to save you some time – and on top, they also keep the color and style of the objects, unlike the basic operations: Split Path splits a path into a set of non-overlapping sections (so a text-like path would be split into letters), Fracture fractures a set of overlapping paths along every line in any path, and Flatten will remove every part of each overlapping path that is not visible, because it is covered by another path in the selection.

Shape Builder tool

For building up new shapes from multiple paths by using the mouse only, the Shape Builder tool (X) can be used.

Before you switch to the tool, select some overlapping objects. After you switch to the tool, the canvas will only show the outlines of the objects that you have selected. Now, the Shape Builder tool can be used to choose which sections to keep and which to discard.

Click to add a section to the result, or Shift+click to remove it to create a hole in its place. click+drag to connect multiple sections to one, or Shift+click+drag to remove a contiguous section.

Finally, you can accept or discard the result using one of the buttons in the tool controls bar.

インセットとアウトセット

Inkscape can expand and contract shapes not only by scaling, but also by offsetting an object's path, i.e. by displacing it perpendicular to the path in each point. The corresponding commands are called Inset (Ctrl+() and Outset (Ctrl+)). Shown below is the original path (red) and a number of paths inset or outset from that original:

The plain Inset and Outset commands produce paths (converting the original object to path if it's not a path yet). Often, more convenient is the Dynamic Offset (Ctrl+J) which creates an object with a draggable handle (similar to a shape's handle) controlling the offset distance. Select the object below, switch to the node tool, and drag its handle to get an idea:

このすばらしいダイナミックオフセットオブジェクトは元の形を覚えているので、何度オフセットの距離を変更しても形状が“なまる”ことがありません。変更可能な状態にしておく必要がなくなれば、このオフセットオブジェクトをいつでパスに変換することができます。

さらにもっと便利なのはリンクしたオフセットです。これはダイナミックオフセットの変更に似ていますが、他の編集可能なパスに結合しています。1 つの元になるパスに対していくつでもリンクしたオフセットを作成できます。下の元になる赤いパスにはフィルなしの黒いストロークと、ストロークなしの黒いフィルがあります。

Select the red object and node-edit it; watch how both linked offsets respond. Now select any of the offsets and drag its handle to adjust the offset radius. Finally, notehow you can move or transform the offset objects independently without losing their connection with the source.

簡略化

The main use of the Simplify command (Ctrl+L) is reducing the number of nodes on a path while almost preserving its shape. This may be useful for paths created by the Pencil tool, since that tool sometimes creates more nodes than necessary. Below, the left shape is as created by the freehand tool, and the right one is a copy that was simplified. The original path has 28 nodes, while the simplified one has 17 (which means it is much easier to work with in node tool) and is smoother.

The amount of simplification (called the threshold) depends on the size of the selection. Therefore, if you select a path along with some larger object, it will be simplified more aggressively than if you select that path alone. Moreover, the Simplify command is accelerated. This means that if you press Ctrl+L several times in quick succession (so that the calls are within 0.5 sec from each other), the threshold is increased on each call. (If you do another Simplify after a pause, the threshold is back to its default value.) By making use of the acceleration, it is easy to apply the exact amount of simplification you need for each case.

Besides smoothing freehand strokes, Simplify can be used for various creative effects. Often, a shape which is rigid and geometric benefits from some amount of simplification that creates cool life-like generalizations of the original form - melting sharp corners and introducing very natural distortions, sometimes stylish and sometimes plain funny. Here's an example of a clipart shape that looks much nicer after Simplify:

テキストの作成

Inkscape は長くて複雑なテキストを作成できますが、見出し、バナー、ロゴ、図表、注釈その他の小さなオブジェクトを作るのにも非常に便利です。この章ではとても基本的な Inkscape のテキスト機能について紹介します。

Creating a text object is as simple as switching to the Text tool (T), clicking somewhere in the document, and typing your text. To change font family, style, size, and alignment, open the Text and Font dialog (Shift+Ctrl+T). That dialog also has a text entry tab where you can edit the selected text object - in some situations, it may be more convenient than editing it right on the canvas (in particular, that tab supports as-you-type spell checking).

Like other tools, Text tool can select objects of its own type - text objects -so you can click to select and position the cursor in any existing text object (such as this paragraph).

One of the most common operations in text design is adjusting spacing between letters and lines. As always, Inkscape provides keyboard shortcuts for this. When you are editing text, the Alt+< and Alt+> keys change the letter spacing in the current line of a text object, so that the total length of the line changes by 1 pixel at the current zoom (compare to Selector tool where the same keys do pixel-sized object scaling). As a rule, if the font size in a text object is larger than the default, it will likely benefit from squeezing letters a bit tighter than the default. Here's an example:

文字間隔を狭めると見出し用にはちょっと良くなったようですが、まだ完璧ではありません。文字間隔が均一なのです。例えば“a”と“t”の間は離れ過ぎているし、“t”と“i”の間は狭すぎます。このようなまずい文字間隔は (特に大きなフォントサイズにおいて) 低品位のフォントで大きく、高品位のフォントでは小さくなります。しかし、おそらくどんなフォントのどんな文字列にも、カーニングの調整をすると良くなる文字の組み合わせというがあるでしょう。

Inkscape makes these adjustments really easy. Just move your text editing cursor between the offending characters and use Alt+arrows to move the letters right of the cursor. Here is the same heading again, this time with manual adjustments for visually uniform letter positioning:

In addition to shifting letters horizontally by Alt+Left or Alt+Right, you can also move them vertically by using Alt+Up or Alt+Down:

Of course you could just convert your text to path (Shift+Ctrl+C) and move the letters as regular path objects. However, it is much more convenient to keep text as text - it remains editable, you can try different fonts without removing the kerns and spacing, and it takes much less space in the saved file. The only disadvantage to the “text as text” approach is that you need to have the original font installed on any system where you want to open that SVG document.

Similar to letter spacing, you can also adjust line spacing in multi-line text objects. Try the Ctrl+Alt+< and Ctrl+Alt+> keys on any paragraph in this tutorial to space it in or out so that the overall height of the text object changes by 1 pixel at the current zoom. As in Selector, pressing Shift with any spacing or kerning shortcut produces 10 times greater effect than without Shift.

Inkscape can also create flowed texts: simply click and drag with the text tool to draw a text box for your text to flow in. To control the flow, use the alignment button in the tool controls bar.

Lastly, there is a third type of text in Inkscape: the column-type text. This text's width can be set, while the height is not limited. You can turn any normal, non-flowed text (the one that is created by only clicking) into a fixed-width text by dragging the handle opposite the text anchor.

XML エディター

The ultimate power tool of Inkscape is the XML editor (Shift+Ctrl+X). It displays the entire XML tree of the document, always reflecting its current state. You can edit your drawing and watch the corresponding changes in the XML tree. Moreover, you can edit any text, element, or attribute nodes in the XML editor and see the result on your canvas. This is the best tool imaginable for learning SVG interactively, and it allows you to do tricks that would be impossible with regular editing tools.

最後に

This tutorial shows only a small part of all capabilities of Inkscape. We hope you enjoyed it. Don't be afraid to experiment and share what you create. Please visit inkscape.org for more information, latest versions, and help from user and developer communities.