Tutorial | Kaligrafia

Historia eta Estiloak

Hiztegiko definizioaren arabera, kaligrafia “idazkera ederra” edo “idazkera bidezko edo elegantea” esan nahi du. Oinarrian, kaligrafia eskuz eder edo elegante idaztearen artea da. Beldurgarria irudi daiteke, baina praktika apur batekin, edonor nagusitu ditzake arte honen oinarriak.

Up until roughly 1440 AD, before the printing press was around, calligraphy was the way books and other publications were made. A scribe had to handwrite every individual copy of every book or publication. Perhaps the most common place where the average person will run across calligraphy today is in the realm of motivating handlettering wall art, though.

Hona hemen kaligrafiako hiru estilo nagusiak:

• Western or Roman: The preserved texts are mainly written with a quill and ink onto materials such as parchment or vellum.

• Arabic, including other languages in Arabic script, executed with a reed pen and ink on paper. (This style has produced by far the largest bulk of preserved texts before 1440.)

• Chinese or Oriental, executed with a brush.

The three styles have influenced each other on different occasions. Western lettering styles used throughout the ages include Rustic, Carolingian, Blackletter, etc.

Today, one great advantage that we have over the scribes of the past is the Undo command: If you make a mistake, the entire page is not ruined. Inkscape's Calligraphy tool also enables some techniques which would not be possible with a traditional pen-and-ink.

Hardwarea

You will get the best results if you use a tablet and pen. Thanks to the flexibility of our tool, even those with only a mouse can do some fairly intricate calligraphy, though there will be some difficulty producing fast sweeping strokes.

Inkscapek tablet-lumen presio sentikortasuna eta okerdura sentikortasuna erabil ditzake. Sentikortasun funtzioak defektuz ezgaituta daude, konfiguratu behar direlako. Baita, kontutan eduki luma batekin sortutako kaligrafiek ez dutela brotxa batekin egindakoak haina presio sentikortasunik.

If you have a tablet and would like to utilize the sensitivity features, you will need to configure your device. This configuration will only need to be performed once and the settings are saved. To enable this support you must have the tablet plugged in prior to starting Inkscape and then proceed to open the Input Devices... dialog through the Edit menu. With this dialog open you can choose the preferred device and settings for your tablet pen. Lastly, after choosing those settings, switch to the Calligraphy tool and toggle the toolbar buttons for pressure and tilt. From now on, Inkscape will remember those settings on startup.

Inkscape-ren kaligrafi luma trazuaren abiadurarekiko sentikorra izan daiteke (ikusi “Mehetzea” beherago), beraz sagua erabiltzen bazabiltza ziur aski parametro honi zero balioa eman nahiko diozu.

Kaligrafia Tresnaren Ezarpenak

Switch to the Calligraphy tool by pressing Ctrl+F6, pressing the C key, or by clicking on its toolbar button. On the top toolbar, you will notice there are 8 options: Width, Thinning, Mass, Angle, Fixation, Caps, Tremor and Wiggle. There are also two buttons to toggle tablet Pressure and Tilt sensitivity on and off (for drawing tablets), as well as a dropdown menu with a few presets to select from, and the option to save your own presets.

Zabalera eta Mehetzea

This pair of options control the width of your pen. The width can vary from 1 to 100 and (by default) is measured in units relative to the size of your editing window, but independent of zoom (symbolized as %). This makes sense, because the natural “unit of measure” in calligraphy is the range of your hand's movement, and it is therefore convenient to have the width of your pen nib in constant ratio to the size of your “drawing board” and not in some real units which would make it depend on zoom. This behavior is optional though, so it can be changed for those who would prefer absolute units regardless of zoom. To switch the unit, simply use the unit selector after the Unit field.

Lumaren zabalera askotan aldatzen denez, balioa aldatzeko tresna-barrara joan ordez ezker eta eskubi geziak erabil ditzakezu edo presio sentikortasuna duen tablet batekin. Tekla hauen gauzarik hoberena marrazten zauden bitartean erabil daitezkeela da, trazu baten erdian lumaren zabalera gradualki alda dezakezularik:

Lumaren zabalera abiaduraren menpe egon daiteke baita ere, mehetzea parametroaren arabera. Parametro hoonek -1etik 1erako balioak har ditzake; zerok zabalera abiadurarekiko independientea dela esan nahi du, balio positiboak trazu azkarrak mehetzen ditu, balio negatiboak aldiz trazu azkarrak loditzen ditu. Defektuzko 10 balioak mehetze txiki bat ematen die trazu azkarrei. Hona hemen adibide batzuk, guztiak zabalera=0.2 eta orientazioa=90 izanik:

For fun, set Width and Thinning both to 100 (maximum) and draw with jerky movements to get strangely naturalistic, neuron-like shapes:

Angelua eta Orientazioa

Zabaleraren ondoren, angelua kaligrafiako parametrorik garrantzitsuena da. Zure lumaren angelua adierazten du gradutan, 0tik (horizontala) 90 (bertikala erlojuaren kontrako norantzan) edo -90 (bertikala erlojuaren norantzan) gradutara aldatzen delarik. Ohar zaitez tablet baten okerdura sentikortasuna gaitzen baduzu parametro hau grisa egongo dela eta angelua lumaren okerduraren araberakoa izango dela.

Each traditional calligraphy style has its own prevalent pen angle. For example, the Uncial hand uses the angle of 25 degrees. More complex hands and more experienced calligraphers will often vary the angle while drawing, and Inkscape makes this possible by pressing up and down arrow keys or with a tablet that supports the tilt sensitivity feature. For beginning calligraphy lessons, however, keeping the angle constant will work best. Here are examples of strokes drawn at different angles (fixation = 100):

Ikus dezakezunez, trazu meheena angeluarekiko paralelo marraztean lortzen da, eta lodiena perpendikularki marraztean. Angelu positiboak naturalenak dira eta ohizkoak eskuineko eskuko kaligrafientzat.

The level of contrast between the thinnest and the thickest is controlled by the fixation parameter. The value of 100 means that the angle is always constant, as set in the Angle field. Decreasing fixation lets the pen turn a little against the direction of the stroke. With fixation=0, pen rotates freely to be always perpendicular to the stroke, and Angle has no effect anymore:

Tipografiaren ikuspegitik, orientazio maximoa eta beraz trazuaren zabalera kontrasterik handiena (goian ezkerrean) aintzinako serif letra-moldeen ezaugarria da, Times edo Bodoni adibidez (letra-molde hauek historikoki luma finkoko kaligrafiaren kopia bat zirelako). Zero orientazioa eta zabalera kontrasterik gabe (goian eskuinean), bestalde, Helvetica bezalako san serif letra-molde modernoak gogorarazten ditu.

Dardara

Tremor is intended to give a more natural look to the calligraphy strokes. Tremor is adjustable in the Controls bar with values ranging from 0 to 100. It will affect your strokes producing anything from slight unevenness to wild blotches and splotches. This significantly expands the creative range of the tool.

Wiggle & Mass

Zabalera eta angelua ez bezala, azkeneko bi parametro hauek tresnaren “antzematean” eragiten dute irteera bisualean baino. Beraz ez da irudirik egongo atal honetan; horren ordez zuk zeuk saiatu ideia hobea egiteko.

Wiggle is the resistance of the paper to the movement of the pen. The default is at minimum (0), and increasing this parameter makes paper “slippery”: if the mass is big, the pen tends to run away on sharp turns; if the mass is zero, high wiggle makes the pen to wiggle wildly.

In physics, mass is what causes inertia; the higher the mass of the Inkscape calligraphy tool, the more it lags behind your mouse pointer and the more it smoothes out sharp turns and quick jerks in your stroke. By default this value is quite small (2) so that the tool is fast and responsive, but you can increase mass to get slower and smoother pen.

Kaligrafia adibideak

Jadanik tresnaren oinarrizko ezaugarriak ezagutzen dituzunez, benetako kaligrafia sortzeko momentua heldu da. Arte honetan berria bazara, kaligrafiari buruzko liburu on bat bilatu eta ikasi Inkscape-rekin. Atal honek adibide xume batzuk bakarrik erakusten ditu.

Lehengo eta behin, hizkiak egiteko, gida pare bat sortu beharko dituzu. Estilo oker edo etzanean idaztera bazoaz, okertutako gida batzuk gehitu aurreko bi gidei, adibidez:

Ondoren zoom egin giden arteko altuera zure eskuaren mugimendu naturalera egokitu arte, zabalera eta angelua zehaztu, eta hastera goaz!

Probably the first thing you would do as a beginner calligrapher is practice the basic elements of letters — vertical and horizontal stems, round strokes, slanted stems. Here are some letter elements for the Uncial hand:

Hainbat trikimailu erabilgarri:

• If your hand is comfortable on the tablet, don't move it. Instead, scroll the canvas (Ctrl+arrow keys) with your left hand after finishing each letter.

• If your last stroke is bad, just undo it (Ctrl+Z). However, if its shape is good but the position or size are slightly off, it's better to switch to Selector temporarily (Space) and nudge/scale/rotate it as needed (using mouse or keys), then press Space again to return to Calligraphy tool.

• Hitz bat bukatzean, Hautatzaile tresnara joan berriro eta enborren berdintasuna eta hizkien arteko tartea findu. Ez gehiegi landu, hala ere; kaligrafia onek eskuzko idazkeraren irregulartasun apur bat mantentzen dute. Sahiestu hizkiak eta hizkien elementuak kopiatzeko tentazioa; trazu bakoitza originala izan behar du.

Eta hemen dituzu hizki oso batzuen adibideak:

Ondorioak

Kaligrafia ez da jostagarria bakarrik, espiritualtasun handiko arte bat da, ikusi eta egiten duzun guztiaren ikuspegia alda dezake. Inkscape-ren kaligrafia tresna sarrera xume bat baino ez da. Hala ere jolasteko aproposa da eta benetako diseinuetan erabilgarria izan daiteke. Gozatu!