It could be a shortcut which I have hit inadvertently, but the Text menu is now very long without being able to access the bottom.
I have tried iconify, maximize, short cut keys, started new Ink file, docked, undocked but can’t figure out how to shrink it down, also ‘apply’ button is now out of reach unless in full screen, i.e maximised – any ideas?
edit: managed to get access by going via iconify side bar
Noticed the font count was in 55,000 range or thereabouts, it keeps repopulating to this number even with a blank canvas - I have undocked the menu item altogther as a standalone box, this works fine so probably something I have triggered by mistake.
55,000 fonts? Holy crap! Geez, and I thought I had a lot, at appox 500. Do you really need that many? How do you manage to find the right font, with that many? Surely you can't look at all of them, every time?
You probably don't need to use the Text and Font dialog, at least for now. All the features that you find in that dialog, are now in the tool control bar (first one above the horizontal ruler). In the future, it will have some more features, but not yet.
Thanks, that's why the box is so long as it tries to accommodate the large number. Slowly learnign the short cut keyboard strokes too, yup noticed many of the features are available on tool bar also - going to have a play around with increasing icon size as they look a bit similar when small.
While might be resolved for you, wanted to comment for others, as a possibility. 1. You can turn off fonts that are rarely used (at least in windows you can). Go to the win font mgr to do this. 2. You may have fonts that you e deleted but they dont really delete in inkscape. For this you may need to downliad a file explorer that shows hidden files as well as fonts. This was the only was I discovered to delete them. I use commaner and SE explorer for this.
The page setting was set to 13500 x 13500 which was the best pixel rate as advised by vendor web site, of course this made anything written proportionally larger too including the preview box.
There's no upper boundary for the size of the preview box?... I cannot reproduce that on 0.92.4 nor on 1.0beta. The preview in the text and font dialog is larger, but not too large.
As far as I understand, Applestump has solved the problem. The topic got bumped when he (I assume) came back to delete a message. And of course we can't delete, so he edited the message, and that bumped the topic.
Yup, pretty straightforward, set the page default to 13500 x 13500 px, for good measure draw a square with the same dimensions - then click text tool and start typing, text is tiny so if you shift + control to pull larger it appears larger in the preview too, this extended the end of the box below my viewable area.
Whilst the text was on the screen it locked the box in this position (unable to resize), even when undocked from side menu the bottom 'apply' button was still out of reach.
Okay. I found what I was missing - you were using multiline text. That isn't shortenend, while it should be cut off after a couple letters.
Can you please (if you haven't yet, and there isn't one for it yet - I'm not sure, I think I've read something like that within the last one or two days...?):
Whilst this thread is open could I just clarify a couple of bits..
Using the text tool seems a little clunky compared to other applications so I suspect my approach is wrong (third point will highlight this).
Selecting a different font from the default appears almost impossible as it jumps back once typing starts, currently I write the full text then highlight in green select new font then apply.
Different text on the same page doesn’t change the highlighted selection (to let you know what it is) I suspect Inkscape maybe having trouble recognising some fonts but this is a guess.
The main thing that suggests either a setting or approach is wrong relates to the style box next to font family, when typing it jumps up and down across the various entries (styles) within the box, this seems very odd suggesting something is not working correctly.
Please note I have installed additional fonts from Google fonts into Windows font store, Anton (below) seems particularly susceptible but this could be due to number of variations. For good measure I have deleted the Inkscape preferences file allowing a new one to be generated on start-up.
Yes, the correct way to use text in Inkscape, is to type the text first, then change the font. As you've learned, it does not work to select the font first.
the style box next to font family, when typing it jumps up and down across the various entries (styles) within the box, this seems very odd suggesting something is not working correctly.
Just to be clear, when you say "style box" do you mean the dropdown menu I have put a yellow rectangle around, in the attached screenshot? Or are you talking about something in the Text and Font dialog?
If you're talking about what I showed in the screenshot, that would definitely be a bug. If you're talking about the Text and Font dialog, well it would probably be a bug there too. Except as I think I stated above, you don't need to use that dialog. Everything you need to use the Text tool is in the main window.
So if the problem is in the Text and Font dialog, you can avoid it by not using that dialog. Although we should probably make sure the bug is reported.
By the way, do you still have 55,000 fonts installed? That could be causing the problem. I've never heard of anyone having that many fonts. At least not all installed at the same time.
For the record, Inkscape's text tool will never work like a word processor or desktop publishing program. I don't think the Inkscape project wants to reinvent the wheel, as they say. But we should definitely make sure whether your problem is a bug, or too many fonts.
PS - if you could make a video of this behavior, it would be helpful. Although it's not required to help you solve the problem.
That's cool, (first point, start writing then change font when finished) just wanted to make sure starting off correctly.
Second point;
Different text on the same page doesn’t change the highlighted selection (to let you know what it is)
I have switched to my desktop PC with a larger screen, basically if you have three rows of text with different fonts activating each in turn with the cursor should identify those fonts through the Text menu. far right. On my PC I can see it does but the highlight is very faint which I overlooked on my laptop.
Last point I think is down to the font type montserrat, on my laptop which has an identical install to desktop it works fine, however the desktop has a red line through along with a Yellow warning triangle. It’s possible the montserrat text was entered via laptop then tried editing on desktop, this might have given it the wobbles, not sure - it’s strange as both use the same font library stored on Onedrive.
55,000 fonts, that was my typo - it related to the size of the font in the small box under 'style' - it had jumped due to large canvas size.
I'll keep playing around trying not to break anything along the way 😊
I have switched to my desktop PC with a larger screen, basically if you have three rows of text with different fonts activating each in turn with the cursor should identify those fonts through the Text menu. far right. On my PC I can see it does but the highlight is very faint which I overlooked on my laptop.
Interesting. When I do that, the font menu is not open at all. It only shows the font in the control bar, at the top of the menu (if the menu was open). Is the reason for your concern because you want to be able to see which font is used for whatever you have selected?
Oh, you're talking about the Text and Font dialog, aren't you? Bound and determined to use it, I guess 😉 (just teasing) That highlight is determined by your system theme, so Inkscape can't control that. You might look into trying a different theme? Since you mentioned OneDrive, you must be using Windows? Probably Windows 10? I'm not familiar with theming in that system (except I know it does not have any theme that I can tolerate 😛)
Or, if you switch to the Selection tool, the status bar identifies the font, when the text is selected.
55,000 fonts, that was my typo - it related to the size of the font in the small box under 'style' - it had jumped due to large canvas size.
Ooohh, I didn't get that.
When you see a font with a red line through it and the yelllow triangle, I think it means that the font is not installed on your machine, and that inkscape is displaying it because it's in the file. I'm not positive that's what it means. But I think it is. (Possibly you have a different version of that font on the different computers.)
What about the part you mentioned where the style box was jumping up and down? Now that I realize you're talking about the Text and Font dialog, I tested. I see that every time I use Enter key, to start a new line of text, the box gets smaller, because the text below that is taking up more and space. But it's not going up and down.
I think most points are accounted for, the jumping up and down as mentioned relates to Font either not being installed or more likely incorrect permissions when installed. My guess is that I installed directly from Onedrive instead of copying to desktop first, from there you can right click - install for all users with correct permissions.
That solved the yellow tirangle/red strike, but also the jumoing around within dialogue box.
To activate the text dialogue box, I use the left menu T
Back again folks, the text function has one or two other problems which I wanted to check.
I have to say using the text tool in Windows is a little problematic, it struggles to highlight text in green often taking several attempts - also punctuation at the ends is often ignored when using the highlighter.
Pretty sure these will have been picked up as the new edition does mention improvements to text abilities, one thing that is either a bug or my ignorance relates to vertical kerning or vertical shfit.
If you have three lines of text, select green highlight then apply up/down arrows it only works on the top line, perhaps its meant to work this way but it means writing three lines separately then using align tool.
Thanks
Tried the above on Linux Mint, kerning/ vewrtical shift is the same, as is the highlight problem..but..removing full stop/commas it works fine.
Tested on thee machines, Desktop PC, Laptop both running Win Pro and Linux Mint
it struggles to highlight text in green often taking several attempts - also punctuation at the ends is often ignored when using the highlighter.
Yes, I've noticed this as well. It can be tricky, and takes some patience to get the period at end.
I'm trying to test what you reported. I created some Lorem Ipsum text, so I didn't have to type it. But for some reason, kerning is grayed out, on the control bar. I don't understand why. Up/down arrows do nothing.
Oh I see, it's flowed text. When I convert to regular text, I get the kerning options. Oddly, choosing a positive number moves the text down and a negative kerning number moves the text up!
Arrow keys don't seem to work, but I'm not a key shortcut user, and don't know if that's the right shortcut for kerning. Let's see if I can look it up....
Ah-HA!! It's Alt + arrow key.
Hhm, no, I can do it on any line of text. So I can't reproduce that.
What do you mean about removing the full stop/commas? I'm a bit lost with that.
Hello brynn, if you remove the commas, full stops it allows you to highlight without stopping, smoothly.
Initially I used the downloaded fonts but reverted back to Sans Serif for this test, it appears something has changed as older (2015) YouTube tuntorials show text being changed without highlighting - this is where I come unstuck as unable to reproduce what is being shown.
I have no trouble highlighting text, going across commas and periods without any difficulty. I mean, it's easy enough to hightlight a whole paragraph at a time. Do you know how to make a video, to show us?
Are you using regular fonts? I seem to recall you were using something from MS, and I heard something about some kind of fonts that I've never heard of before, which I think Inkscape maybe can't use yet. Is it a regular font? An SVG font? Maybe a layered font? Or something else?
..mystery solved, it happens when working on a large canvas, so for example using 13,500 x 13,500 px the text has to be increased in order to make it visual.
Reducing the size to around 10% of this it works fine,it could be linked to the menu sizing as this returns to normal also.
You know you can zoom in and out, right? So even if the text was 500 px or pt or whatever, you can zoom down to handle it (zoom out, I mean).
Uh-oh! My canvas seems to have turned upside down. I think I have accidentally changed my origin to top-left instead of bottom-left. Suddenly my vertical ruler is upside-down. That probably explains the strange kerning experience earlier. Just have to figure out how I did it and how to fix it.
Oops....No, new documents are opening that way. Is this the default now? I have a custom default doc, which must be being overwritten???
I'll be back shortly, let me try and figure this out.
Set document properties to 13500 x 13500 with background ticked, the select T text option typing - you will soon see its way too small, pull to make readable, then try above - not sure what point size but its alot hence the menu loses the plot.
It could be my feeble processor s having trouble moving all the pixels around at that level, or a combo of that and re-sizing issue.
(Ok, I'm back. Apparently this has been effectivelly forced on all users, until they notice it. I guess we should make a sticky topic about this already -- I can see all the questions coming already.)
Anyway, just to confirm, you're talking about selecting on the canvas right? Because I remember that you like to use the Text and Font dialog. But I don't have any trouble highlighting text there either.
I can see that it's really tricky highlighting periods or commas on really large text, because of the space between characters. It's hard to get the cursor in the right place, to start.
Maybe you could work on the project while being zoomed out quite a bit. Because it sounds like you're working on such a large project, you can't see the whole thing, at least at 100%, on one canvas anyway. I mean, use zooming instead of scaling - to prevent accidents.
Not sure what you mean about "background ticked".... Do you mean checkboard background or a background color? Probably doesn't matter, but just to make a good test.
If you have the background at 13500 x 13500 the text will be tiny by default, just grab a corner and pull enough to read - the font on mine at this level reads 1,740
We should maybe check your Scale setting. Have you ever changed that? Document Properties, just below the page size setting. If you're working in pixels, it should be set to 1.0.
Thats deffo the problem my end, have you set the document properties to 13500 x 13500, once you have that you need to scale/zoom out to see the whole canvas - now try typing, it should be tiny forcing you to increase the box size by grabbinbg a corner?
Beginners' Questions Possible bug, Text and Font menu
Inkscape.org
It could be a shortcut which I have hit inadvertently, but the Text menu is now very long without being able to access the bottom.
I have tried iconify, maximize, short cut keys, started new Ink file, docked, undocked but can’t figure out how to shrink it down, also ‘apply’ button is now out of reach unless in full screen, i.e maximised – any ideas?
edit: managed to get access by going via iconify side bar
Thanks
Noticed the font count was in 55,000 range or thereabouts, it keeps repopulating to this number even with a blank canvas - I have undocked the menu item altogther as a standalone box, this works fine so probably something I have triggered by mistake.
55,000 fonts? Holy crap! Geez, and I thought I had a lot, at appox 500. Do you really need that many? How do you manage to find the right font, with that many? Surely you can't look at all of them, every time?
You probably don't need to use the Text and Font dialog, at least for now. All the features that you find in that dialog, are now in the tool control bar (first one above the horizontal ruler). In the future, it will have some more features, but not yet.
Thanks, that's why the box is so long as it tries to accommodate the large number. Slowly learnign the short cut keyboard strokes too, yup noticed many of the features are available on tool bar also - going to have a play around with increasing icon size as they look a bit similar when small.
Incrediable programme with so many cool features!
Deleted, possible solution found.
changed my mind, deleted my comment
Yup, deleting messages would be good just in case like me you discover something (obvious now) that resolves the issue.
While might be resolved for you, wanted to comment for others, as a possibility. 1. You can turn off fonts that are rarely used (at least in windows you can). Go to the win font mgr to do this. 2. You may have fonts that you e deleted but they dont really delete in inkscape. For this you may need to downliad a file explorer that shows hidden files as well as fonts. This was the only was I discovered to delete them. I use commaner and SE explorer for this.
I know it had to be something daft, and it was.
The page setting was set to 13500 x 13500 which was the best pixel rate as advised by vendor web site, of course this made anything written proportionally larger too including the preview box.
..told you it was daft 😁
Applestump. Thanks for coming back to let us know, that'll help someone else down the line!
PS don't feel bad, you ought to see the stupid stuff I do, mine are beyond daft, ha ha ha. I wouldn't have thought to chg the page setting either.
There's no upper boundary for the size of the preview box?... I cannot reproduce that on 0.92.4 nor on 1.0beta. The preview in the text and font dialog is larger, but not too large.
Can you give us steps to reproduce the issue?
As far as I understand, Applestump has solved the problem. The topic got bumped when he (I assume) came back to delete a message. And of course we can't delete, so he edited the message, and that bumped the topic.
In reply to Maren,
Yup, pretty straightforward, set the page default to 13500 x 13500 px, for good measure draw a square with the same dimensions - then click text tool and start typing, text is tiny so if you shift + control to pull larger it appears larger in the preview too, this extended the end of the box below my viewable area.
Whilst the text was on the screen it locked the box in this position (unable to resize), even when undocked from side menu the bottom 'apply' button was still out of reach.
Hope that makes sense, probably total jibberish 😊
Okay. I found what I was missing - you were using multiline text. That isn't shortenend, while it should be cut off after a couple letters.
Can you please (if you haven't yet, and there isn't one for it yet - I'm not sure, I think I've read something like that within the last one or two days...?):
- visit https://inkscape.org/report
- open a new report
- and add a screenshot and an example file to that + your exact Inkscape version
Reported: https://gitlab.com/inkscape/inbox/issues/1247
Thanks Maren, couldn't quite see the thumbs up icon so opted for a Penguin instead.
That's fine - I like penguins :)
Whilst this thread is open could I just clarify a couple of bits..
Using the text tool seems a little clunky compared to other applications so I suspect my approach is wrong (third point will highlight this).
Selecting a different font from the default appears almost impossible as it jumps back once typing starts, currently I write the full text then highlight in green select new font then apply.
Different text on the same page doesn’t change the highlighted selection (to let you know what it is) I suspect Inkscape maybe having trouble recognising some fonts but this is a guess.
The main thing that suggests either a setting or approach is wrong relates to the style box next to font family, when typing it jumps up and down across the various entries (styles) within the box, this seems very odd suggesting something is not working correctly.
Please note I have installed additional fonts from Google fonts into Windows font store, Anton (below) seems particularly susceptible but this could be due to number of variations. For good measure I have deleted the Inkscape preferences file allowing a new one to be generated on start-up.
https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Anton
Yes, the correct way to use text in Inkscape, is to type the text first, then change the font. As you've learned, it does not work to select the font first.
I don't understand what you mean by this:
Regarding:
Just to be clear, when you say "style box" do you mean the dropdown menu I have put a yellow rectangle around, in the attached screenshot? Or are you talking about something in the Text and Font dialog?
If you're talking about what I showed in the screenshot, that would definitely be a bug. If you're talking about the Text and Font dialog, well it would probably be a bug there too. Except as I think I stated above, you don't need to use that dialog. Everything you need to use the Text tool is in the main window.
So if the problem is in the Text and Font dialog, you can avoid it by not using that dialog. Although we should probably make sure the bug is reported.
By the way, do you still have 55,000 fonts installed? That could be causing the problem. I've never heard of anyone having that many fonts. At least not all installed at the same time.
For the record, Inkscape's text tool will never work like a word processor or desktop publishing program. I don't think the Inkscape project wants to reinvent the wheel, as they say. But we should definitely make sure whether your problem is a bug, or too many fonts.
PS - if you could make a video of this behavior, it would be helpful. Although it's not required to help you solve the problem.
Thanks for the reply brynn.
That's cool, (first point, start writing then change font when finished) just wanted to make sure starting off correctly.
Second point;
Different text on the same page doesn’t change the highlighted selection (to let you know what it is)
I have switched to my desktop PC with a larger screen, basically if you have three rows of text with different fonts activating each in turn with the cursor should identify those fonts through the Text menu. far right. On my PC I can see it does but the highlight is very faint which I overlooked on my laptop.
Last point I think is down to the font type montserrat, on my laptop which has an identical install to desktop it works fine, however the desktop has a red line through along with a Yellow warning triangle. It’s possible the montserrat text was entered via laptop then tried editing on desktop, this might have given it the wobbles, not sure - it’s strange as both use the same font library stored on Onedrive.
55,000 fonts, that was my typo - it related to the size of the font in the small box under 'style' - it had jumped due to large canvas size.
I'll keep playing around trying not to break anything along the way 😊
Interesting. When I do that, the font menu is not open at all. It only shows the font in the control bar, at the top of the menu (if the menu was open). Is the reason for your concern because you want to be able to see which font is used for whatever you have selected?
Oh, you're talking about the Text and Font dialog, aren't you? Bound and determined to use it, I guess 😉 (just teasing) That highlight is determined by your system theme, so Inkscape can't control that. You might look into trying a different theme? Since you mentioned OneDrive, you must be using Windows? Probably Windows 10? I'm not familiar with theming in that system (except I know it does not have any theme that I can tolerate 😛)
Or, if you switch to the Selection tool, the status bar identifies the font, when the text is selected.
Ooohh, I didn't get that.
When you see a font with a red line through it and the yelllow triangle, I think it means that the font is not installed on your machine, and that inkscape is displaying it because it's in the file. I'm not positive that's what it means. But I think it is. (Possibly you have a different version of that font on the different computers.)
What about the part you mentioned where the style box was jumping up and down? Now that I realize you're talking about the Text and Font dialog, I tested. I see that every time I use Enter key, to start a new line of text, the box gets smaller, because the text below that is taking up more and space. But it's not going up and down.
Thanks for the reply.
I think most points are accounted for, the jumping up and down as mentioned relates to Font either not being installed or more likely incorrect permissions when installed. My guess is that I installed directly from Onedrive instead of copying to desktop first, from there you can right click - install for all users with correct permissions.
That solved the yellow tirangle/red strike, but also the jumoing around within dialogue box.
To activate the text dialogue box, I use the left menu T
In summary all working well, cheers for the help.
Came across the Dark Theme in version 1.0 currently in beta, this mightr help with above.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3K6U3mCjguc
Back again folks, the text function has one or two other problems which I wanted to check.
I have to say using the text tool in Windows is a little problematic, it struggles to highlight text in green often taking several attempts - also punctuation at the ends is often ignored when using the highlighter.
Pretty sure these will have been picked up as the new edition does mention improvements to text abilities, one thing that is either a bug or my ignorance relates to vertical kerning or vertical shfit.
If you have three lines of text, select green highlight then apply up/down arrows it only works on the top line, perhaps its meant to work this way but it means writing three lines separately then using align tool.
Thanks
Tried the above on Linux Mint, kerning/ vewrtical shift is the same, as is the highlight problem..but..removing full stop/commas it works fine.
Tested on thee machines, Desktop PC, Laptop both running Win Pro and Linux Mint
Cheers
Yes, I've noticed this as well. It can be tricky, and takes some patience to get the period at end.
I'm trying to test what you reported. I created some Lorem Ipsum text, so I didn't have to type it. But for some reason, kerning is grayed out, on the control bar. I don't understand why. Up/down arrows do nothing.
Oh I see, it's flowed text. When I convert to regular text, I get the kerning options. Oddly, choosing a positive number moves the text down and a negative kerning number moves the text up!
Arrow keys don't seem to work, but I'm not a key shortcut user, and don't know if that's the right shortcut for kerning. Let's see if I can look it up....
Ah-HA!! It's Alt + arrow key.
Hhm, no, I can do it on any line of text. So I can't reproduce that.
What do you mean about removing the full stop/commas? I'm a bit lost with that.
Hello brynn, if you remove the commas, full stops it allows you to highlight without stopping, smoothly.
Initially I used the downloaded fonts but reverted back to Sans Serif for this test, it appears something has changed as older (2015) YouTube tuntorials show text being changed without highlighting - this is where I come unstuck as unable to reproduce what is being shown.
Has no one spotted this until now?
Well, so far, I'm still not sure what you mean.
I have no trouble highlighting text, going across commas and periods without any difficulty. I mean, it's easy enough to hightlight a whole paragraph at a time. Do you know how to make a video, to show us?
Are you using regular fonts? I seem to recall you were using something from MS, and I heard something about some kind of fonts that I've never heard of before, which I think Inkscape maybe can't use yet. Is it a regular font? An SVG font? Maybe a layered font? Or something else?
..mystery solved, it happens when working on a large canvas, so for example using 13,500 x 13,500 px the text has to be increased in order to make it visual.
Reducing the size to around 10% of this it works fine,it could be linked to the menu sizing as this returns to normal also.
Just so I can test, what size text are you using?
You know you can zoom in and out, right? So even if the text was 500 px or pt or whatever, you can zoom down to handle it (zoom out, I mean).
Uh-oh! My canvas seems to have turned upside down. I think I have accidentally changed my origin to top-left instead of bottom-left. Suddenly my vertical ruler is upside-down. That probably explains the strange kerning experience earlier. Just have to figure out how I did it and how to fix it.
Oops....No, new documents are opening that way. Is this the default now? I have a custom default doc, which must be being overwritten???
I'll be back shortly, let me try and figure this out.
LOL, my world is upside down -
Set document properties to 13500 x 13500 with background ticked, the select T text option typing - you will soon see its way too small, pull to make readable, then try above - not sure what point size but its alot hence the menu loses the plot.
It could be my feeble processor s having trouble moving all the pixels around at that level, or a combo of that and re-sizing issue.
(Ok, I'm back. Apparently this has been effectivelly forced on all users, until they notice it. I guess we should make a sticky topic about this already -- I can see all the questions coming already.)
Anyway, just to confirm, you're talking about selecting on the canvas right? Because I remember that you like to use the Text and Font dialog. But I don't have any trouble highlighting text there either.
I can see that it's really tricky highlighting periods or commas on really large text, because of the space between characters. It's hard to get the cursor in the right place, to start.
Maybe you could work on the project while being zoomed out quite a bit. Because it sounds like you're working on such a large project, you can't see the whole thing, at least at 100%, on one canvas anyway. I mean, use zooming instead of scaling - to prevent accidents.
Oh sorry. I didn't see that you posted between my messages. Let's see....
Not sure what you mean about "background ticked".... Do you mean checkboard background or a background color? Probably doesn't matter, but just to make a good test.
That means the Text and Font dialog, right?
What size should I make the text?
If you have the background at 13500 x 13500 the text will be tiny by default, just grab a corner and pull enough to read - the font on mine at this level reads 1,740
The text will be whatever size you want to set. You can set it on the control bar or in Text and Font dialog.
When I try it, no matter what size I make the page, the text types at the same size.
We should maybe check your Scale setting. Have you ever changed that? Document Properties, just below the page size setting. If you're working in pixels, it should be set to 1.0.
Also check your zoom level. If you're zoomed way out, that could be the problem, if you didn't realize it.
Thats deffo the problem my end, have you set the document properties to 13500 x 13500, once you have that you need to scale/zoom out to see the whole canvas - now try typing, it should be tiny forcing you to increase the box size by grabbinbg a corner?
Oh right. Of course you would have tiny text that way!
Now that I finally understand, I think you said you solved the problem?
Yup, thats all I have been doing resulting in so many hiccups, much better to use something around the 1500 px andf the export as required.
Cheers for the help, hope you managed to sort out your own problem.